Peptides / SS-31
SS-31
T2General Wellnessliterature
Biomarker Effects
ATP production
↑ moderate
Stabilizes mitochondrial cardiolipin
Mitochondrial membrane potential
↑ moderate
Improves electron transport efficiency
Oxidative stress
↓ moderate
Reduces mitochondrial ROS
Mitochondrial biogenesis
↑ small
Supports mitochondrial turnover
Cardiolipin oxidation
↓ moderate
Protects inner mitochondrial membrane
Fatigue
↓ small
Improves cellular energy availability
Exercise tolerance
↑ small
Enhanced mitochondrial function
Lactate
↓ small
Improves oxidative metabolism
Cardiac output
↑ small
Improves mitochondrial efficiency in myocardium
Endothelial function
↑ small
Reduces mitochondrial ROS
Mitochondrial function
↑ moderate
Protects respiratory chain
ROS
↓ moderate
Reduces mitochondrial ROS
Fatty acid oxidation
↑ small
Improves mitochondrial metabolism
Exercise recovery
↑ small
Improves mitochondrial repair
Mitochondrial DNA damage
↓ small
Protects mitochondrial DNA
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